Core work: Core work is the non cycling specific training needed to keep the body functional.
Pedal stroke: Pedal stroke is the basic skillset used to turn the pedals. It can be broken down to two large muscle groups with a range of motion associated with each one.
Base mileage:
Base mileage builds the aerobic base
Base mileage makes pedal stroke autonomous
Base mileage strengthens joints and connective tissue
Base mileage builds endurance
Strength training:
Strength training increases both the usable strength and the tensile strength of muscles.
Strength training decreases fatigue due to intense efforts.
Hill training: Hill training is torque specific training for sustained climbing.
Intervals: Intervals are overload applied to the cardiovascular system.
Speed work: Speed work is specific training which exceeds the normal power output by using different technique and more muscle groups.
Skills:
Drafting
Cornering
Climbing (out of the saddle)
Sprinting
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